pISSN 1226-6051
eISSN 2508-786X
eISSN 2508-786X
Overview of Literature
| Author (Year) | Country | Participant (I/ C) | Participant characteristi cs | Intervention/treatment | Methods | Outcome measure (Primary/Secondary) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number Randomized | Age (Mean±SD) | Female (%) | Intervention | Control | |||||
| Vedaa Ø 2020 22) | Norway | 868 853 |
44.2±13.9 44.8±13.7 |
69 67 |
Adults (age≥18 years) | dCBT[SHUTi] | Patient education | • Online, fully automated, interactive, and tailored web-based program that incorporates the primary tenets of face-to-face CBT-I, including sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep hygiene, and relapse prevention. • Offered in a 6-week |
• ISI,BIS, Sleep diary • CFQ,HADS, QoL, SF-12 |
| Kallestad H 202123) | Norway | 49 52 |
41.54±10.5 41.3±12 |
71 79 |
Adults | dCBT[SHUTi] | Face to face CBT-I | • Use the internet CBT-i (SHUTi) intervention site, then use the program for six weeks. • No Therapist |
• ISI, DBAS-16 item, SOL, WASO, EMA, TST, NOW, SE, Sleep Med • CFS, HADS |
| Morris J 201624) | UK | 36 32 44 |
20.69±2.61 20.56±1.54 20.27 1.56 |
60.4 72.1 70.2 |
Students with insomnia | Insomnia Relief | Wait-list group | • Online Cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia offered in a 6-week • programs are ungui • ded internet-delivered self-help programs featuring CBT components broken into 7 and 6 modules |
• PSQI • STAI-S, BDI-II |
| Lancee J 201225) | Netherlands | 216 205 202 |
52.2±11.4 51.2±12.8 51.9±2.2 |
68.7 74.4 68 |
Adults with insomnia (age≥19 years) | Electronic self-help CBT | 1.Paper-and-pencil self help CBT 2.wait-list group |
• Online Cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia (5 modules) • fill out questionnaires and a dairy at baseline post-test, 3-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up. |
• Sleep diary(SE, TST, SOL, WASO, NWAK, SLEEP-50 • CES-D, HADS |
| Thiart H 201526) | Germany | 64 64 |
48.4 47.6 |
20.4 18.9 |
school teacher and working; Adults with insomnia (age≥18 years) | GET.ON Recovery | Wait-list group | • GET.ON Recovery comprises six -week. • The intervention modules(5 modules) include planning of recreational activities into daily life, monitoring sleep efficiency and continuing with sleep hygiene and restriction. |
• ISI, SE, Recuperation in sleep • Irritation scale, Penn State Worrying Questionnaire, REQ |
| Vincent N 200927) | Canada | 59 59 |
NA | 67.8 66.1 |
Adult with insomnia | Online Treatment | Wait-list group | The online treatment was developed by the first author and organized into 5 modules. • Treatment component delivery offered in a 6-week in-person group at the same site. |
TST, SOL, NOW, WASO, SE, SQ, MFI, ISI |
| Black DS 201528) | USA | 24 25 |
66.5±6.3 66.1±8.5 |
67 68 |
Adult (age of at least 55 years) | • MAPs mindful awareness practices | Sleep hygiene education (SHE) | MAPs for daily living is a weekly 2-hour, 6-session group-based course • Mindfulness practice homework began with 5 minutes daily and then progressively advanced to 20 minutes daily by session 6. |
• PSQI, AIS • BDI-II , BAI, PSS, FSI–Interference, FSI–Severity |
| Zhang JX 201529) | China | 30 30 |
78.57±2.94 77.63±3.01 |
46.7 36.7 |
Participants included 60 adults aged 75 years and over with chronic insomnia. | MBSR | Wait-list group | • MBSR was conducted using a mild modified format for eight weeks, with two-hour classes and a 0.5-day retreat | • PSQI • SAS, GDS |
| Lorenz N 201930) | Switzerland, Australia, Germany | 29 27 |
41.72±17.31 44.04±20.05 |
72 67 |
Adults with insomnia (age≥18 years) | internet-based CBT-I (mementor somnium) | Wait-list group | • The intervention was 6 weeks. • web-based unguided self-help programme with automated feedback |
• ISI, SRBQ • APSQ, BDI-II, BSI-Anxiety, BSI-Somatization, Somatization subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory |
| Siebmanns S 202131) | Sweden | 24 24 |
72.46±9.45 72.58±10.37 |
29.2 41.7 |
Adults with insomnia (age≥18 years) | I-CBTI | Patient education | • 9-week nurse-led I-CBTI with support | • ISI • SF-12,PCS, MCS |
| Vestergaard CL 202132) | Norway | 867 853 |
44.2±13.9 44.8±13.7 |
69 67 |
Adults with insomnia | dCBT[SHUTi] | Patient education | • SHUTi program consists of 6 cores • fully automated and follow-up assessments were administered 9 weeks after the participant started with the intervention |
• ISI, Consensus Sleep Diary(SOL, WASO, TST etc) • HADS |
| EM Abdelaziz 202133) | Saudi Arabia | 40 40 |
53.90±4.14 52.23±4.31 |
100 100 |
Postmenopausal women with insomnia | internet-based CBT-I | Wait-list group | • 6 modules at a fixed time per week delivered via whats APP or email • Upon module execution, notifications are sent to participants to provide feedback on compliance with previous recommendations. • There is a certain amount of time for discussion between researchers and participants, such as text messages, phone calls, and e-mails. |
• ISI, PSQI, sleep diary(SE, TST, Wake up time, night awakening, SL) |
| D Behrendt 202034) | Germany | 88 89 |
46.1±9.5 46.7±9.7 |
67 64 |
General Working Population (18+) | Internet-Based Sleep Recovery Training (iCBT) | Wait-list group | • Online-based CBT-I tailored for workers • Intervention consists of a total of 6 modules, one per week • One module is 45-60 minutes long • Technical support via email only • Provide materials on a secure web-based platform |
• ISI • CES-D, Recreational activity frequency, work ability, depression, absenteeism, CA |
| R Sunnhed 202035) | USA | 72 73 74 |
51.5±12.5 51.8±14.5 54.2±14.6 |
76.4 69.9 73 |
Adults with insomnia | Internet-Based CBTI | 1.Wait-list group 2.Behavioral therapy(BL) |
• 10-week course with one module per week over the Internet • Provide a phone call in case of missing |
• ISI, sleep diary(SOL, WASO, EMA, TST, TIB, SE) • WSAS, HADS, BBQ, CEQ, CSQ-8 |
| Cain MA 202036) | USA | 27 26 |
28.5±5.8 29.8±5.3 |
100 100 |
Pregnant women with insomnia | “Go! to Sleep©” GTS | Sleep hygiene education (SHE) | • 6-week web-based program • “Go! to Sleep©”(GTS) |
• PSQI, ISI |
| Kalmbach DA 202037) | USA | 46 45 |
28.91±28.91 29.16±4.11 |
46 45 |
Pregnant women with insomnia | dCBTI(Sleepio) | Sleep hygiene education (SHE) | • sleepio program (big health ltd) • Consists of 6 sessions • Delivered by email 1 per week for 6 weeks |
• ISI, PSQI • EPDS, PSAS-C |
| Espie CA 201238) | UK | 55 55 54 |
50.7±13.8 47.3±13.0 |
72.7 76.4 70.4 |
Adults with insomnia (age≥18 years) | Online CBT virtual therapist (The Prof) | Online IRT (image palliative therapy) TAU |
• Animated ‘the prof’ offers 6 weekly sessions • Personalized provision based on sleep diary data |
• Sleep diary (SE, SOL, WASO,TWT, TST), SQ, Sleep condition indicator |
| Glozier N 201939) | Australia | 45 42 |
58.6±6.3 58.1±6.1 |
0 | Male over 50 years of age with symptoms of depressive disorder and insomnia | eCBTi SHUTi | Online Insomnia Psychological Training | • SHUTi. • Consists of 6 modules, each taking 30-40 minutes • Provides personalized recommendations |
• ISI • CES-D, HAM-D, STPI |
| Bernstein AM 201740) | USA | 43 45 |
54.9±13.0 53.6±12.3 |
88.4 88 |
adults with primary insomnia | “Go! to Sleep©” GTS | Sleep hygiene education (SHE) | • The six-week web-based program “Go! to Sleep©” (GTS) | • ISI |
| Nilofar Rajabi Majd 202041) | Iran | 156 156 |
36.21±5.81 35.29±5.76 |
53.9 57.7 |
Adults with insomnia (age≥18 years) | theory-based app (including cognitive behavioral therapy [CBT], theory of planned behavior [TPB], health action process approach [HAPA], and control theory [CT]) | Sleep hygiene education (SHE) | • App that combines TPB, HAPA, and CBT-I • Content every week for 6 weeks • One session must end before the next one opens. • Provided in the form of text and video, with homework or exercise • No personalized content |
• ISI, PSQI, SHB • PBC, SRBAI, HADS |
| J Sveen 202142) | Sweden | 10 11 |
49.9±5.8 45.6±5.5 |
70 64 |
Parents of children diagnosed with a malignant tumor before age 17 and died of a malignancy before age 25 with insomnia | Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (iCBT-i) | Active control (written information about sleep, insomnia and sleep hygiene) | • Active therapist intervention for 9 weeks (feedback provided when going to the next module) • One module per week, sleep diary included |
• ISI • PG-13, MADRS, GAD-7, PCL-5, UGRS, CSQ-8 |
| Espie CA 201943) | UK | 853 858 |
48.4±13.9 47.7±13.6 |
76.7 78.7 |
Adults with insomnia | dCBT(Digital Insomnia Therapy to Assist Your Life as Well As Sleep [DIALS]) | Sleep hygiene education (SHE) | • Delivery using sleepio program (big health ltd) and related ios apps • Consists of 6 sessions lasting 20 minutes and accessible for up to 12 weeks |
• ESS, SCI • PROMIS-10, WEMWBS, GSII, PHQ-9, GAD-7, FSS, RAS, CFQ, WPAI:SHP |
| Faaland P 202244) | Norway | 345 | 47.7±12.21 | NA | Adults with insomnia (age≥18 years) Morning chronotype |
SHUTi Morning | Patient Education Morning | • Fully automated online interactive 9-week web-based program • secondary analysis of data from a previously published RCT • Participants are classified into three types of chronotype through the Insomnia Questionnaire. |
• ISI • CFQ, HADS |
| 843 | 46.6±14.46 | NA | Adults with insomnia (age≥18 years) Intermediate chronotype |
SHUTi Intermediate | Patient Education Intermediate | ||||
| 524 | 39.3±13.21 | NA | Adults with insomnia (age≥18 years) Evening chronotype |
SHUTi Evening | Patient Education Evening | ||||
| Cheng P 202045) | USA | 358 300 |
44.5±15.8 45.7±15.1 |
78 80 |
Adults with insomnia and depression | dCBT-I Sleepio | Online sleep education | • Participants were provided each of the 6 core sessions of dCBT-I on a weekly basis for up to 12 weeks. • directed by an animated “virtual therapist” who reviews and guides progress |
• ISI • QIDS-SR16, PTQ |
| Chow PI 201846) | USA | 302 303 |
43.3±11.6 | 72 | Adults with insomnia (21 to 65 years) |
dCBT[SHUTi] | Online Patient education | • Fully automated online interactive 9-week web-based program | • ISI, SOL, WASO, Insomnia Knowledge,SLOCS, SSE, • DBAS |
| de Bruin EJ 201547) | Netherlands | 18 14 |
15.4±1.4 16.6±1.7 |
77.8 85.7 |
Adolescents (13–19 years) with insomnia | online CBTI | Wait-list group | • six weekly preprogrammed consults of CBTI via an internet website • Each week short personalized feedback from a certified sleep therapist was included • After the second session, a 15-minute chat session with a therapist is included to promote treatment compliance and outcomes. |
• TST, TIB, SOL, WASO, SE, FI, SSQ • CSRQ, HSDQi |
| van der Zweerde T 201948) | Netherlands | 52 52 |
44.64±1.82 46.29±2.09 |
80.8 82.7 |
Adults with insomnia | online CBT-I and sleep diary monitoring i-Sleep | Sleep diary monitoring only | • Online intervention i-Sleep consists of five sessions of CBT for insomnia • Clinical psychology graduate students offered online guidance entailed feedback |
• ISI, FSS, SE, TST, WASO, SOL • HADS, DC, PTQ, Mood, PHQ-WS, PHQ-9 |
| Ritterband LM 201749) | USA | 151 152 |
43.75±11.34 42.81±11.86 |
68.2 75.7 |
Adults with insomnia | dCBT[SHUTi] | Patient education | • Fully automated online interactive 6-week web-based program | • ISI, SOL, WASO, SE, NWAK, SQ, TST |
| Sato D 202250) | Japan | 79 88 103 |
49.8±11.1 50.5±11.0 51.0±10.4 |
40.5 44.3 39.8 |
Adults with insomnia (20 to 70 years) | ICBT | Three GoodThings (TGT) wait-list group | • Underwent an unguided ICBT program for 4 weeks | • AIS,PSQI, SOL, TST, SE • GAD-7, PHQ-9, CES-D |
| Ritterband LM 200951) | USA | 22 22 |
44.68±10.61 45.05±11.67 |
81.82 72.73 |
Adults with insomnia (18 to 65 years) | dCBT[SHUTi] | wait-list group | • Fully automated online interactive 9-week web-based program | • WASO, SOL, SE, TST, NWAK, TIB • Restored, Restless |
| Minde ll JA 201152) | USA | 96 84 |
NA | 100 | 264 mothers and their infant or toddler (ages 6-36 months) | Algorithmic internet-based intervention alone | Wait-list group | • 3-week Internet-based sleep program • All mothers completed the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Profile of Mood States weekly. |
• BISQ, Maternal Sleep(PSQI): Bedtime, SOL, Waketime, TST, Night Wakings, Time Awake Night, SE, GSQ • POMS |
| de Bruin EJ 201553) | Netherlands | 39 39 38 |
15.3±1.4 15.9±1.6 15.6±1.7 |
84.6 71.8 68.4 |
Adolescents (12–19 years) with insomnia | internet therapy | Wait-list group group therapy |
• six weekly preprogrammed consults of CBTI via an internet website • Each week short personalized feedback from a certified sleep therapist was includedAfter the second session, a 15-minute chat session with a therapist is included to promote treatment compliance and outcomes. |
• SE, SOL, WASO, TST, TIB, SQ, HSDQ, CSRQ |
| Kaldo V 201554) | Sweden | 73 75 |
47±15.2 49±15.6 |
81 76 |
Adults with insomnia | ICBT-i | Active control treatment Patient education | • 8 weeks of ICBT-i treatment. • Therapists review homework reports and sleep diaries and provide feedback |
• ISI, SE, SL, sleep time • PSS-4 |
| van Straten A 201455) | Netherlands | 59 59 |
48.7±13.8 50.1±11.9 |
59.30 81.40 |
Adults with insomnia | guided Internet | Wait-list group | • 6-week internet-based program. • The first author, four master psychology courses, and one CBT therapist became coaches to provide online feedback on the participants' homework |
SQ, PSQI(SE, SOL, TST) • HADS, CES-D |
| Lancee J 201656) | Netherlands | 30 30 30 |
41.2±14.1 38.5±13.1 45.1±13.7 |
86.7 73.3 83.3 |
Adults with insomnia | online CBT-I | Face-to-face CBTi Wait-list group |
• Online therapy consists of 5 modules over 6 weeks (1) psychoeducation; (2) progressive muscle relaxation; (3) sleep hygiene; (4) sleep restriction (5) cognitive exercises • Under the supervision of the first author, students with master's degree in psychology provided personal feedback. |
• ISI, TST, SE, TWT • CES-D, HADS-A |
| Ritterband LM 201257) | USA | 14 14 |
53.7±10.8 59.6±12.3 |
14 10 |
Cancer patients with insomnia | dCBT[SHUTi] | wait-list group | • Fully automated online interactive 9-week web-based program | • ISI, Sleep diary • MFSI-SF, HADS, SF-12, IIUQ |
| Taylor DJ 201758) | USA | 34 33 33 |
34.53±8.27 30.79±6.42 32.82±8.11 |
18 21 12 |
Active duty US Army personnel | Internet CBTi | In-person CBTi Minimal Contact Control |
• the form of an automated online format • 6-weekly 60min intervention consisted of stimulus control, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene, relaxation training, and cognitive restructuring. |
• ISI, DBAS, ESS • DSM-5, BDI-II, PTSD Military Ver, AUDIT |
| Ström L 200459) | Sweden | 30 51 |
46.2±11.6 43.9±11.4 |
66.67 62.75 |
Adults with insomnia | Internet-based treatment | Wait-list group | • 5-week intervention mainly consisted of sleep restriction, stimulus control, and cognitive restructuring. • Two clinical psychologists served as therapists for e-mail interaction and monitoring of homework assignments |
• SE, SQ, TST, SOL, DBAS, Sleep diary(WASO, TIB, TWT, NWAK, No. of nights with sleep aid) |